In class, we did a lab showing how much carbon dioxide was in the air and how it affects things. We put some Phenolphthalein (indicator for acid, to tell if it's basic or acidic) into a flask, and then added in pure ethanol to help dissolve the Phenolphthalein, then added in deionized water (water without any hydrogen). Once adding the water it then turns the chemicals a milky white, which means they don't have any acids in it . After the water, we added NaOH (a basic) into the chemicals, which turns the mixture deep red.
Once the NaOH is added we put some drops onto paper, but the mixture turned clear. It turns clear because Carbon Dioxide mixes with Water, making Carbonic Acid (H2CO3). This happens because the Carbonic Acid splits, releasing a hydrogen ion making HC2, and the other leaves a hydrogen making CO3. When the chemicals turn clear, this is showing how the hydrogen ions make the chemicals more acidic because of the carbon dioxide.
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30%-40% of CO2 (caused by humans), dissolves in the ocean. This causes an increase in Acidity. Acidity in water is measured in pH. pH is measured from 0-14, where 0 is more acidic, 7 is neutral, and 14 is highly Basic(Alkaline). pH is the potential to make charged hydrogen atoms(or ions).
The CO2 in the water dissolves, which causes a chemical reaction where the CO2 plus H2O creates H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid). Carbonic Acid releases one Hydrogen ion, which creates bicarbonate. The bicarbonate can break down even more, to a carbonate ion. The extra Hydrogens lost from the bicarbonate and carbonate ions, then make the water more acidic. Oceanic life can be threatened by increased Ocean Acidity, which can cause harmful consequences including drops in Metabolic rates and drops in Immune response to organisms. Calcium atoms added to Carbonate ions makes Calcium Carbonate. Some of ocean life is very dependent on Calcium Carbonate, but the extra Hydrogen ions are combining with the Calcium Carbonate, creating more bicarbonate, making it harder for the ocean life to get Calcium Carbonate because its reduced. Coccolithophores (single celled organisms) produce a chemical called Ethanethiol which helps produce clouds. Coccolithophores are also affected by the reduction of Calcium Carbonate. The reduction of coccolithophores would mean less clouds over the ocean (thats caused by Ethanethiol), which would cause more sunlight penetrating the Earth, increasing global warming. In learning about the Properties of Matter, we made floating lanterns. We made them by lighting up candles with fire and attaching it under a plastic bag, which caused mass to fill up the bag through heat. Our groups buoyancy was even when we tested it out, which means that our lantern was floating evenly (not going up or down too much when letting it go).
The bag creates a container of gas molecules and the candle creates the heat energizing the molecules which caused it to inflate and get hot so it ends up kicking out some molecules. Air inside the balloon increases in volume and is less dense than the air on the outside of the balloon causing it to float . Earth is made of four layers which include, the Crust (made from rocks, is also the thinnest layer, as well as the layer we are on), the Mantle (made from magma), the Inner core (center of earth made from solid iron and nickel), and Outer core (now made from liquid iron and nickel).
In the project, we were making rocks. To do this, we had test tubes and put liquid silicates and a reactant, which then created rocks. An element can be a solid, liquid or a gas depending on how high or low the temperature or pressure is. Since solids are super crowded together and the slowest moving molecules they would need to have the lowest temperature and the highest pressure out of the three. Liquid molecules are separated enough for them to move around faster than a solid, but slower than a gas. Liquid is created by not being too cold to become a solid, or too hot to become a gas, but rather in between the two. Gas molecules have a lot of space between each other and move really fast. To create a gas you need really low pressure but high temperature. Using certain amounts of Pressure and Temperature, you can change the matter between solid, liquid and gas.
When Gas turns into a Solid it's called Deposition. When Solid turns into a Gas it's called Sublimation. When Solid turns into a Liquid it's called Melting. When Liquid turns into a solid it's called Freezing. When Gas turns into a Liquid it's called Condensation. When Liquid turns into a Gas it's called Vaporization. |
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December 2016
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